Showing posts with label Nazis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nazis. Show all posts

Friday, January 27, 2023

Important questions to be answered as we observe International Holocaust Remembrance Day and The day of lifting of the Siege of Leningrad in 1944.

Important questions to be answered as we observe International Holocaust Remembrance Day and The day of lifting of the Siege of Leningrad in 1944.

By Greg Krasovsky

For The Ukrainian-Russian-American Observer

January 27, 2023

Today, on January 27, 2023, we observe International Holocaust Remembrance Day [1] and The day of lifting of the Siege of Leningrad in 1944 [2].

Never again, we say!!!
 
I hope so, but human history (which tends to repeat itself) suggests a more pessimistic prognosis, especially if it becomes convenient to forget about the Holocaust [3] and use, permit or just turn a blind eye on genocide & ethnic cleansing for political purposes.

As a Ukrainian Jew, I have some questions:

1. Why didn't the Allies, first and foremost the U.S., bomb Nazi Concentration camps, especially after they found out about the extermination / genocide of Jews there as part of the German Nazis' "Final Solution" to their "Jewish Problem?"
 
Were firebombing Dresden (between February 13 and 15, 1945, just three (3) days before Soviet troops entered the city), Hamburg and Tokyo, as well as dropping Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki more important from a political & military point of view?

BTW, the bombing of each city listed above constitutes a war crime & a crime against humanity, but who judges the victors?
 
2. Why were so few Nazi leaders tried and executed before and after the Nuremberg Trials 1945-1946?

3. Why the U.S., UK and Canadian government agencies permit, facilitate, organize and fund Nazi war criminals' and collaborators surreptitious escape from Germany after the end of WWII and allow them to settle in their countries via "rat lines?"
 
This includes not just Nazi Scientists, like Werner Von Braun of NASA fame, who were brought into the U.S. in Operation Paperclip but also

Erich Traub, a Nazi "scientist" (a bioweapons expert) who has been suspected to be founder or "godfather" of a U.S. Government laboratory, The Plumb Island Animal Disease Center (also known as "Lab 257") on Plum Island, NY, where he may have continued to conduct experiments started in Nazi Germany on using ticks as bioweapons who could be dropped from airplanes on enemy troops to infect them with lethal varieties of tick-born diseases (sound like nasty dual-use "gain-of function research"). 

Allegedly, during the WWII, Traub ran a Nazi secret biological warfare laboratory in the Baltic on an island called Riems, with a mission to poison cattle in the Soviet Union

This facility is now called The Friedrich Loeffler Institute with laboratories rated at Biosafety Level 4 for handling dangerous & exotic agents, i.e. life-threatening pathogens transmittable by aerosol or unknown means.

BTW, Nazi SS leader Heinrich Himmler also considered research on insect-borne diseases so important that he ordered the creation of a biolab in the infamous Dachau concentration camp, the "Dachau Entomological Institute."

  It happens to be a coincidence that Plum Island is only ten miles away from Old Lyme Connecticut, the place where Lyme Disease was first diagnosed in 1975 and officially discovered by Willy Burgdorfer, another scientist who did some work for the U.S. Army on biological weapons. 

No wonder U.S. journalists, foreign doctors and and foreign biowarfare specialists have suspected that Lyme Disease, a debilitating tick-borne bacterial infection, may have originated as a bioweapon and then escaped via a lab leak on Plumb Island

- senior military and intelligence personnel, including those who served in the Nazi SS (Hitler's and the Nazi Party's paramilitary wing), Nazi Germany's Army Intelligence (Abwehr) and were tasked with helping the U.S. and its allies fight the Soviets during the Cold War, such as Reinhard Gehlen;

- Ukrainian members (veterans!) of the Waffen SS Galicia Division, Ukrainians who served in local Nazi Ukrainian Police Units (like the 118th and 201st Battalions)  and Nachtigall and Roland Battalions) and Ukrainian Nazi Collaborators, including Nazi propagandists, like Canadian Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland's maternal grandfather Mykhailo Khomiak (Michael Chomiak).

FYI, Grandpa Mykhailo was the chief editor of the Ukrainian daily newspaper Krakivs'ki Visti (News of Krakow) for the Nazi regime during WWII in Nazi-occupied Poland and later in Nazi-occupied Austria.

4. Why did the CIA violate U.S. law and actively hide Ukrainian Nazi War criminals & Nazi collaborators (who should have never been admitted into the U.S. and should have been deported) from the U.S. Department of Justice Nazi Hunters that searched for, prosecuted and deported Nazi War Criminals from America?
 
5. Why did the CIA and U.S. Department of Defense allow, encourage and even actively recruit Ukrainian Nazi War Criminals and collaborators, including those who participated in the Jewish Holocaust, to work for and serve in the U.S. military and and intelligence communities?
 
6. Why did the CIA

    - recruit,
    - organize,
    - fund,
    - arm,
    - provide logistical, material, political and legal support,
    - manage & coordinate

the activities of Ukrainian Nazi War Criminals and Collaborators, including members of OUN-B  (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, Stepan Bandera's faction) and UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) in Soviet Ukraine after the end of WWII -- activities including terrorism against

- Soviet police, security military and other government personnel,
 
- Local civilians who supported or didn't oppose the Soviet Union (like teachers, nurses, doctors, women & children),

including harassment, extortion, beatings, kidnappings, rape, torture, mutilation and extrajudicial killings (murder)?
 
7. Why did the U.S. government (including the White House, State Department, Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community) after

( a) Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union in August of 1991 and the USSR's dissolution in December of 1991

(b) the U.S. obtained political, economic and military control over in Ukraine in February of 2014 after the "Revolution of Dignity" (i.e. violent unconstitutional overthrow of a lawfully elected, albeit corrupt, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovich) following the Euromaidan protests,

not just tolerate, but provide material support (with the assistance of its NATO allies) to Ukrainian political parties, politicians, NGOs, government officials and agencies, and paramilitary organizations that

   - Glorify and worship WWII-era Ukrainian Nazi war criminals, collaborators, their organizations and leaders,
 
   - espouse & practice radical versions of ethnic nationalism, religious nationalism, language nationalism, extreme/ultra-nationalism, Neo-Nazism, extremism, xenophobia, racism, and antisemitism (both anti-Judaism and religious antisemitism),
 
   - display, wear and use on military equipment and weapons Nazi symbols, quotes and insignia, including those use by the Nazi SS, an organization that was adjudicated (legal finding) by the Nuremberg Military Tribunals and Trials as a criminal organization guilty of war crimes during WWII,
 
   - committed war crimes and crimes against humanity in Kyiv (February 2014), Odessa (May 2014) and the Donetsk Coal Basin (Donbass) of Eastern Ukraine (from April of 2014 until present),  including

     -- aggravated assault,
     -- kidnapping,
     -- rape,
     -- torture,
     -- mutilation, and/or
     -- murder

of individuals from target socioeconomic groups, the vast majority of who were Ukrainian citizens?
 

8. Considering the evil experimentation on concentration camp inmates by German scientists, like Dr. Josef Mengele, resulting in torture, maiming and murder, as well as modern bans on the use of chemical weapons & biological agents (bioweapons) and on dangerous gain-of-function-research, why did our American government organize, fund and manage extremely dangerous dual-use research in numerous bio-laboratories in Ukraine, as admitted to under oath by Undersecretary of State Victoria Nuland, including working on very lethal and contagious bio-pathogens that can be born and transmitted by animal vectors like birds, mammals and insects?

If true, as alleged by the Russian military, why did the U.S. government tolerate, if not participate (via private contractors) in "medical / scientific research" on institutionalized mentally ill Ukrainian patients in Kharkiv Region -- obviously without their ability to provide legally valid fully-informed consent? 

At least I hope that they didn't end up killing these psychiatric patients like the Nazis during WWII.

 
Why do I pose these questions?

Because, as an American citizen of Ukrainian, Jewish, Nigerian and Russian descent, I don't want to see our (American) government or population supporting groups, individuals, policies and actions that tolerate and/or encourage conduct which is based on political ideology arising out of or related to Nazism & Fascism, whose core components include racial, ethnic, national & cultural superiority (supremacism), exceptionalism, giving the right to punish and rule / subjugate other "lesser" (inferior) peoples (subhumans) and nations.  

Because if we allow this to happen, then it's just a matter of time until another armed conflict will start with genocide and/or ethnic cleansing that may exceed the horrors of the Holocaust and the Blockade of Leningrad, especially with modern weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological).
 
What do you think?
 
***

[1] The International Holocaust Remembrance Day 

 

Photo: German Nazi death camp Auschwitz in Poland, 

arrival of Hungarian Jews, Summer 1944

The International Holocaust Remembrance Day, or the International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, is an international memorial day on 27 January that commemorates the victims of the Holocaust, which resulted in the murder of one third of the Jewish people, along with countless members of other minorities between 1933 and 1945 by Nazi Germany, an attempt to implement their "final solution" to the Jewish question.


27 January was chosen to commemorate the date when the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by the Red Army in 1945.

The day remembers the killing of six million Jews, two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population, and millions of others by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.[1][2]

It was designated by United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/7 on 1 November 2005.[3]

The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January to mark the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust.[4][5][6][7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day

***

Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp

Photo: Soviet Army soldiers chatting to the children just liberated 

from the Auschwitz concentration camp

On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz concentration camp—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' "Final Solution" to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive.

Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind.

The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes.

The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Auschwitz_concentration_camp

***

Auschwitz concentration camp


Photo: German concentration camp, Auschwitz I (the main camp), Poland (1940-1945). 

Visible old Austrian and later Polish Army barracks dated before 1939.

Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (pronounced [kɔntsɛntʁaˈtsi̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐ ˈʔaʊʃvɪts] (listen)); also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939)[3] during World War II and the Holocaust.

It consisted of

- Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim;
- Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers;
- Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labor camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben;
and dozens of subcamps.[4]

The camps became a major site of the Nazis' final solution to the Jewish question.  
...
Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million were murdered.
 
The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 ethnic Poles, 21,000 Roma, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 other Europeans.[7]
 
Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings.

Others were killed during medical experiments.

At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944, two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners who operated the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising.

Only 789 Schutzstaffel personnel (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial after the Holocaust ended;[8] several were executed, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss.

The Allies' failure to act on early reports of atrocities by bombing the camp or its railways remains controversial.

As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria.

Soviet troops entered the camp on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

In the decades after the war, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust.

In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp

***

The Holocaust


Photo: "Selection" of Hungarian Jews on the ramp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau in German-occupied

 Poland, around May 1944. Jews were sent either to work or to the gas chamber.

The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.[b]

Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.[d]

The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps;

and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust

***


The Siege of Leningrad

 

Photo: Three men burying victims of Leningrad's siege in 1942

The siege of Leningrad (Russian: Блокада Ленинграда, romanized: Blokada Leningrada; German: Leningrader Blockade; Finnish: Leningradin piiritys) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken by the Axis powers against the Soviet city of Leningrad (present-day Saint Petersburg) on the Eastern Front of World War II.

Germany's Army Group North advanced from the south, while the German-allied Finnish army invaded from the north and completed the ring around the city.

The siege began on 8 September 1941, when the Wehrmacht severed the last road to the city.

Although Soviet forces managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the Red Army did not lift the siege until 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began.

The blockade became one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history, and it was possibly the costliest siege in history due to the number of casualties which were suffered throughout its duration.

While not classed as a war crime at the time,[10] in the 21st century, some historians have classified it as a genocide due to the systematic starvation and intentional destruction of the city's civilian population.[11][12][13][14][15] 

The 872 days of the siege caused extreme famine in the Leningrad region through disruption of utilities, water, energy and food supplies. 

This resulted in the deaths of up to 1,500,000[75] soldiers and civilians and the evacuation of 1,400,000 more (mainly women and children), many of whom died during evacuation due to starvation and bombardment.[1][2] 

Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery in Leningrad holds half a million civilian victims of the siege alone. 

Economic destruction and human losses in Leningrad on both sides exceeded those of the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Moscow, or the bombing of Tokyo

The siege of Leningrad ranks as the most lethal siege in world history, and some historians speak of the siege operations in terms of genocide, as a "racially motivated starvation policy" that became an integral part of the unprecedented German war of extermination against populations of the Soviet Union generally.[76][77]
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad
 
***

Monday, July 11, 2022

What the Volyn Massacres (genocide) of 1943 tell us about the danger of Radical Ukrainian Nationalists & Neo-Nazis and the current agendas of those who support them.

What the Volyn Massacres (genocide) of 1943 tell us about the danger of Radical Ukrainian Nationalists & Neo-Nazis and the current agendas of those who support them. 

Greg Krasovsky
July 11, 2022
 
To follow up my Facebook post on the Volyn Massacres (genocide) in Western Ukraine (Poland until 1939) which peaked in July of 1943:
 
Please read the below article from Live Journal on the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.
 
It's gruesome, but true history.
 
Then I hope you'll understand why at least those who remember & understand history and would not betray the memory of victims from the Volyn Massacre and the Holocaust, such as

- Poles,
- Ukrainian Jews,
- Ethnic Russians, and
- Ethnic Ukrainians [1]

 
would never support the resurgence of radical Ukrainian Nationalism and would do everything in their power to eradicate it.  

For those of you who don't know, radical Ukrainian nationalists have been committing numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity in Ukraine with the direct or tacit approval of the Ukrainian government (while the West -- USA and its EU / NATO allies -- turned a blind eye) from the spring of 2014 to present!

1. Why? 

Because they hate ethnic Russians, ethnic Ukrainians who are friendly to ethnic Russians and/or the Russian Federation.

2. How?

Through

- paramilitary units
- military units
- Nationalist / supremacist NGOs
- membership in and under the authority of Ukrainian military, police, national guard units and security services

By

- Threats,
- Beatings,
- Robbery,
- torture & sexual assault,
- manslaughter & murder
- kidnappings,
- false imprisonment,
- selective prosecution
- imprisonment
- vandalism, destruction and confiscation or theft of property

- shelling & bombing of civilian areas and infrastructure
- using civilians as human shields
- setting up mortars & sniper nests as well as tanks & artillery in or next to civilian housing, schools, and even medical facilities,
 
- targeted killing of civilians by snipers, mortars, artillery, tanks & armored personnel carriers, and aviation.

- violation of Geneva conventions by torturing and killing prisoners of war (enemy combatants)

  
3. Where?

(a) Kyiv / Kiev during the Euromaidan protests and the violent overthrow of President Yanukovich's government 


(b) Odessa on May 2, 2014,  
 

(c) the Donetsk Coal Basin region of Eastern Ukraine (Donbass), including the Donetsk and Lugansk regions (districts) of Ukraine.
 

(d) Other Ukrainian cities where perceived anti-Ukrainian Nationalist or pro-Russian activists where targeted.

 
So is it any wonder that a good portion of the population who remained in towns & villages of Donbass and neighboring regions (Kharkov, Zaporozhye and Kherson) that have now been taken over by Donetsk and Lugansk insurgents and/or the Russian military, welcome these troops with open arms, call them liberators and telling them that they have been waiting for eight (8) years to be freed from living under the yoke of Radical Ukrainian nationalists and blatant Neo-Nazis, like members of the infamous Azov battalion?
    

Here's what's more disturbing:
 
1. Why did Western (US/EU/NATO) governments, their military & intelligence agencies and their diplomatic corps 


    - turn a blind eye on this
    - tacitly encourage it
    - aid & abet it by proving political & media support, funding, training, weapons & equipment 

to groups, organizations & units known to have been engaged in such crimes and human rights violations?

2. Why aren't you hearing about this in corporate or state-owned Western main-stream media?

The answer is easy!

(a) Because these radical Ukrainian nationalists, their organizations and their racist, xenophobic, fascist and russophobic ideology, policy and actions have been aimed at Russia and its supporters in Ukraine (ethnic Russians & Ukrainians who are friendly to Russians, their language & culture and Russia as a country).

(b) Ukraine and Ukrainian Nationalists have been used as pawns in an effort to bring Russia under control of the US and its EU / NATO allies.

How do you bring Russia under US/EU control?


(i) Through forcing the current Russian government (by political, economic and military means) to be subordinate and comply with US/EU policies and demands,

(ii) By replacing the current Putin-led and controlled Russian government (regime change through political, economic and military means) with a new government that's subservient to US/EU/NATO interest!

Why do you need to bring Russia under control NOW?

(i) Russia has

- oil & natural gas (leading energy exporter)

- arable land that produces grains & other foods (leading wheat exporter),
 
- metals & minerals,

- precious metals & stones (leading gold & diamond miner and exporter)

- fresh water supplies

- lumber
 
- land corridor from China to Europe (10-15 days by train)

- water corridor (northern Arctic route ensure by nuclear icebreakers) from Asia to Europe

- educated population with good work ethic (human resources)

- a multi-ethnic & multi-confessional population that lives in peace and appeals to Christians, Muslims, Jews, Buddhists and other confessions, nationalities and races around the world.

- no negative colonial history of exploitation in Asia, Africa, Pacific or the Americas,
 
- leading military, space technologies  & nuclear arsenal

- leading manufacturer & exporter of nuclear power stations

- leading scientific research institutions, including medical research

   
 
(ii)  China becomes unbeatable politically, economically and militarily --
as long as Russia remains an independent junior partner and ally of China.

 
(iii) This means that the US and the EU (population of +700 million) can / will lose their dominant economic, political and military position to China, Russia and their allies (e.g. BRICS countries with a total population exceeding 3 billion people)
 
(iv) This means that the US-EU based trans-national financial-industrial groups (FIGs) that control 

- leading corporations, 

- US/EU political parties and individual politicians, 

- senior government officials and governments (including their military forces & intelligence agencies), 

- mass media, 

- social media (via Big Tech) and 

- entertainment industries,

may not be able to control, compete with or even resist losing their market position and assets to competing independent FIGs from China, Russia and other BRICS countries who could / would utilize the political, economic and military support of their governments in furthering their business interests in the USA, EU and other countries.
 
We're talking about trillions of Dollars & EUROs in business and assets at stake:

- income from consumers
    -- oil & gas, energy
    -- food & other consumer goods
    -- medical services & products (drugs & equipment)
    -- communications
    -- transportation services
    -- IT services

- income from employees (human resources)

- income from tax-payers through
    -- financing governments
    -- subsidies from governments
    -- government contracts
        --- health, education, transportation, etc.
        --- military-industrial complex contracts (weapons, equipment & services)
        --- intelligence, national security, law enforcement contracts
        --- criminal justice contracts (private prisons & other services monitoring prisoners, those on probation, parole or under surveillance)  
 
- income from extracting resources on government-owned land & water resources
     -- oil & gas
     -- metals & mining
     -- agricultural products grown on government-owned lands

- income or savings from favorable import-export regimes  
    -- customs duties /tariffs
    -- import/export subsidies / financing

- income from monopolies or cartels tolerated by friendly (controlled) governments   
 
Now do you understand what's at stake (trillions!) and why
 
   - the US/EU/NATO governments are willing to support Radical Ukrainian Nationalists and even Neo-Nazis in the current battle to weaken, contain, control and even take over Russia?
 
   - the Western Mainstream Media and Social Media are trying to show us only

      -- a favorable (false) perspective on radical Ukrainian Nationalists & Neo-Nazis

      -- a perspective that hides, ignores or down-plays the role of US/EU/NATO governments in developing, supporting and directing Radical Ukrainian Nationalists and Neo-Nazis in their anti-Russian activities, including
     (i) gross /severe human rights violations,
     (ii) war crimes & crimes against humanity
     (iii) terrorist acts

      -- an anti-Russian perspective on the Ukrainian conflict since 2014?
 
--

[1] Residents of Ukraine who oppose(d) the racist, xenophobic, russophobic and fascist ideology of radical Ukrainian nationalists like Stepan Bandera and his compatriots in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, The Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the Ukrainian SS Division Galicia and all the Ukrainian Police battalions that served Nazi Germany during WWII and had a vital role in the exterminating Jews, Poles, Gypsies and Russians who lived for many centuries in Ukraine.
 
***

What did the Bandera people do during the Great Patriotic War .... Volyn tragedy ....
 
victor_shyaga
May 21 2022, 09:40
 
http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&sl=ru&tl=en&u=https://victor-shyaga.livejournal.com/3364.html  
 
***
 
Those who don't learn their history are bound to repeat it.


Greg Krasovsky
Facebook

July 11, 2022 

The Volyn massacres (genocide) during WWII should have taught us to never underestimate the danger of radical nationalists / supremacists.

This includes past and present radical Ukrainian nationalists, neo-Nazis and supporters of Ukrainian Nazi war criminals and collaborators.

If you want to get a good sense of what happened in Volhynia during World War II , then please watch the movie Volhynia (see below).

https://www.facebook.com/greg.krasovsky/posts/pfbid02xeFBHDXV8LHVBJYo1sPHdhw2beMbzxd9jrTdJMTbo9Rb3fzjrV7tg5cgzXveGnJ9l
 
***
 
[Google Translation]
 
What did the Bandera people do during the Great Patriotic War .... Volyn tragedy ....
 
victor_shyaga
May 21 2022, 09:40
 
http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&sl=ru&tl=en&u=https://victor-shyaga.livejournal.com/3364.html
 
 Volyn Massacre (Polish: Rzez wolynska) is an ethno-political conflict, accompanied by the mass destruction of the ethnic Polish civilian population and civilians of other nationalities, including Ukrainians, by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the OUN (b) (Bandera) in the territories of the Volyn-Podolia district, which until September 1939 was under Polish administration, begun in March 1943 and peaked in July of that year.

 In the spring of 1943, large-scale ethnic cleansing began in Volyn, occupied by German troops.  This terrible inhuman criminal act was carried out not by the Germans, but by the militants of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, who sought to “cleanse” the territory of Volhynia from the Polish population ....

Ukrainian nationalists surrounded Polish villages and colonies, and then proceeded to kill.  

They killed everyone - women, the elderly, children, infants.  The victims were shot, beaten with clubs, chopped with axes.  



Then the corpses of the destroyed Poles were buried somewhere in the field, their property was robbed, and finally the houses were set on fire.  

In place of the Polish villages, only charred ruins remained ....

They also destroyed those Poles who lived in the same villages with the Ukrainians.  It was even easier - there was no need to collect large detachments.  

Groups of OUN members of several people passed through the sleeping village, entered the houses of the Poles and killed everyone.  

And then the locals buried the killed fellow villagers of the “wrong” nationality.  In this way, several tens of thousands of people were killed, whose only fault was that they were not born Ukrainians ....

 At present (since 1992), the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists calls itself the successor to the OUN(b).  

In the course of the “Map” study conducted in Poland, it was found that as a result of the actions of the UPA-OUN (B) and the Security Council of the OUN (b), in which part of the local Ukrainian population and sometimes detachments of Ukrainian nationalists of other movements took part, the number of Poles who died in Volhynia amounted to at least 36,543 - 36,750 people whose names and places of death were established.  

In addition, the same study counted from 13,500 to more than 23,000 Poles, the circumstances of whose death were not clarified.  

A number of researchers say that the victims of the massacre were probably about 50-60 thousand Poles, during the discussion about the number of victims on the Polish side, estimates were made from 30 to 80 thousand.  These massacres were a real massacre.

 An idea of her nightmarish cruelty of the Volyn genocide is given by a fragment from the book of the famous historian Timothy Snyder: “The first edition of the UPA newspaper, published in July, promised a “shameful death” to all Poles who remained in Ukraine.  

The UPA was able to carry out its threats.  Within about twelve hours, from the evening of July 11, 1943 to the morning of July 12, the UPA attacked 176 settlements ....  

During 1943, UPA units and special detachments of the OUN Security Service killed Poles both individually and collectively in Polish settlements and villages, as well as those Poles who lived in Ukrainian villages.  

According to numerous, corroborating reports, Ukrainian nationalists and their allies burned houses, shot or drove inside those who tried to flee, and those who could be caught in the street were killed with sickles and pitchforks.  

Churches full of parishioners were burned to the ground.  

In order to intimidate the surviving Poles and force them to flee, the bandits exhibited beheaded, crucified, dismembered or disemboweled bodies.  

Even the Germans were amazed at their sadism - gouging out eyes, ripping open stomachs and brutal torture before death were commonplace.  




They killed everyone – women, children… The genocide began in the cities.  

Men of the “wrong” nationality were immediately taken to prisons, where they were later shot ....

And violence against women took place right in broad daylight for the amusement of the public ....

There were many among Bandera who wanted to stand in line / take an active part ...

 Later, the Bandera people “got a taste” ....

 On February 9, 1943, Bandera from the gang of Pyotr Netovich, under the guise of Soviet partisans, entered the Polish village of Parosle near Vladimirets, Rivne region.  

The peasants, who had previously provided assistance to the partisans, warmly welcomed the guests.  After eating enough, the bandits began to rape women and girls.

 Before they were killed, their chests, noses and ears were cut off.

 Men were stripped of their genitals before they died.  Finished off with blows of an ax on the head.

 Two teenagers, the Gorshkevich brothers, who tried to call real partisans for help, had their bellies cut open, their legs and arms cut off, the wounds were abundantly covered with salt, leaving the half-dead to die in the field ....

 In total, 173 people, including 43 children, were brutally tortured in this village.  When the partisans entered the village on the second day, they saw in the houses of the villagers heaps of disfigured bodies lying in pools of blood ....

In one of the houses, on the table among the leftovers and unfinished bottles of moonshine, lay a dead one-year-old child, whose naked body was nailed to the boards table with a bayonet ....

The fiends put a half-eaten pickled cucumber into his mouth ....

 From the village of Volkovya one night, Bandera brought a whole family into the forest.  For a long time they mocked the unfortunate people.  Then, seeing that the wife of the head of the family was pregnant, they cut open her stomach, pulled the fetus out of it, and instead pushed in a live rabbit ....

 Bandera people often raped, mocked parents in the presence of children, and vice versa - they raped and mocked their daughters in the presence of their parents ....

Bandera liked to see how parents suffer, cry, how they turn gray before their eyes, how their heart breaks from the fact that their daughter is raped and slaughtered in front of their eyes....

 One night, the bandits broke into the Ukrainian village of Lozovaya.  Over 100 peaceful peasants were killed within 1.5 hours.  A bandit with an ax in his hands broke into the hut of Nastya Dyagun and hacked to death her three sons.  The smallest, four-year-old Vladik, cut off his arms and legs ....

 One of the two Kleshchinsky families in Podyarkovo was tortured to death by the OUN-UPA on August 16, 1943.  Family of four - wife and two children.  The victims' eyes were gouged out, they were hit on the head, their palms were burned, they tried to cut off the upper and lower limbs, as well as the hands, stab wounds were inflicted on the whole body, etc.

 The girl in the center, Stasya Stefanyak, was killed because of her Polish father.  Her mother Maria Boyarchuk, a Ukrainian, was also killed that night.  Because of the husband ....

Mixed families aroused particular hatred among Bandera ....

 In the village of Zalesye Koropetskoye (Ternopil region) on February 7, 1944, there was a terrible incident.  The UPA gang attacked the village with the aim of massacring the Polish population.  About 60 people, mostly women and children, were herded into a barn, where they were burned alive.  

One of those who died that day was from a mixed family - half Pole, half Ukrainian.  Bandera set him a condition - he must kill his Polish mother, then he will be left alive.  He refused and was killed along with his mother ....

 TARNOPOL, Tarnopol Voivodeship, 1943. One of the trees on the country road, in front of which the OUN-UPA terrorists hung a banner with the inscription translated into Polish: 

"The road to independent Ukraine."  And on each tree on both sides of the road, the executioners created the so-called “wreaths” from Polish children.

 “The old were strangled, and small children up to one year old by the legs - once, hit the head on the door - and it's ready, and on the cart.  We felt sorry for our men that they suffered hard during the night, but during the day they would sleep off and the next night - to another village.  There were people hiding.  If a man was hiding, they were mistaken for women ... ” (from interrogation of Banderovka [female Bandera OUN(B) / UPA  forces soldier])

 It should be noted that the Bandera people were very cowardly: if they were resisted, then they could, frightened, leave.  So in LIPNIKI (LIPNIKI), Kostopol county, Lutsk province, on March 26, 1943, during the attack of the OUN - UPA, the Pole Jerzy Skulsky saved his life thanks to the firearms he had ....

In general, this is the hallmark of Bandera - to crack down on unarmed people and run headlong at the sight of an armed man ....

 It should also be noted that modern Bandera to Ukraine do not openly admit that their deeds and great-grandfathers did all these horrors ....

But among themselves, at their sabbaths, parties, they discuss this, how they killed, tortured and mocked Poles, Jews, their grandfathers are Russians .... 



They like it that their great-grandfathers mocked people of other nationalities so much ...

My words that modern Bandera people like to mock and kill people, in particular, are confirmed by the fact that when in Odessa, many Odessans go to Kulikovo Field to honor the memory of the people who died there, then Ukrainian neo-fascists come there to make barbecue, turn on German music from the Second World War ....

well, they simply scoff and laugh at those whom they have already killed and burned, and at those who whom they have not yet killed and burned ....

If you give full rein to the current Bandera in Ukraine, then they, like their "valiant" grandfathers and great-grandfathers, will cut, kill, rape, burn alive people of a different faith, nationality, others  outlook on life...

 “..In Novoselki, Rivne region, there was one Komsomol member Motrya.  We took her to Verkhovka to the old Zhabsky and let's get a living heart.  Old Salivon held a watch in one hand, and a heart in the other, to check how much more the heart would beat in his hand)) "(From the interrogation of Banderovka)

 Many years later, the Bandera once again showed their true colors by arranging a terrible tragedy on May 2, 2014 in Odessa ....

Until now, these tragic events have not been investigated by the official Ukrainian authorities and no one has been punished for the terrible death of dozens of people ....

My relatives lived in Odessa .... They say that about 200 people died in total ....

It's just that all this is hidden by the official authorities of Ukraine ....

Many were killed not only in the House of Trade Unions and on Greek Square - people (Odessites), who had a different opinion than the Bandera people, were taken to the forest and there they were either simply beaten to a pulp or actually killed ....

 In Poland, the Volyn massacre is very well remembered.

 This is a scan of the pages of a book.  The list of ways in which the Ukrainian Nazis dealt with the civilian population:

 • Driving a large and thick nail into the skull of the head.

 • Ripping off the hair from the head with the skin (scalping).

 • Carving an “eagle” on the forehead (the eagle is the coat of arms of Poland).

 • Eye gouging.

 • Circumcision of the nose, ears, lips, tongue.

 • Piercing children and adults with stakes through and through.

 • Punching with a pointed thick wire through and through from ear to ear.

 • Cutting the throat and pulling the tongue out through the opening.

 • Knocking out teeth and breaking jaws.

 • Tearing of the mouth from ear to ear.

 • Plugging mouths with tow when transporting still living victims.

 • Turning the head back.

 • Crushing of the head by placing in a vise and tightening the screw.

 • Cutting and pulling narrow strips of skin from the back or face.

 • Breaking bones (ribs, arms, legs).

 • Cutting off women's breasts and sprinkling salt on wounds.

 • Cutting off the genitals of male victims with a sickle.

 • Piercing the belly of a pregnant woman with a bayonet.

 • Cutting the abdomen and pulling out the intestines in adults and children.

 • Cutting the abdomen of a woman with a long term pregnancy and inserting a fetus, such as a live cat, in place of the removed fetus and sewing up the abdomen.

 • Cutting the abdomen and pouring boiling water inside.

 • Cutting the stomach and putting stones inside it, as well as throwing it into the river.

 • Cutting open the belly of pregnant women and spilling broken glass inside.

 • Pulling out the veins from the groin to the feet.

 • Putting hot iron into the vagina.

 • Insertion of pine-cones into the vagina with the tip side forward.   
 
 • Inserting a pointed stake into the vagina and pushing it up to the throat, right through.

 • Cutting the front of a woman's torso with a garden knife from the vagina to the neck and leaving the entrails outside.

 • Hanging victims by the insides.

 • Inserting a glass bottle into the vagina or anus and breaking it.

 • Cutting open the belly and spilling feed flour inside for hungry pigs, which vomited this feed along with intestines and other entrails.

 • Chopping/cutting off with a knife/sawing off hands or feet (or fingers and toes).

 • Cauterization of the inside of the palm on the hot stove of a coal kitchen.

 • Cutting the body with a saw.

 • Sprinkling of bound feet with red-hot coal.

 • Nailing hands to the table and feet to the floor.

 • Chopping the whole body into pieces with an axe.

 • Nailing the tongue of a small child to the table with a knife, which later hung on it.

 • Cutting a child into pieces with a knife.

 • Nailing a small child to a table with a bayonet.

 • Hanging a male child by the genitals on a doorknob.

 • Knocking out the joints of the child's legs and arms.

 • Throwing a child into the fire of a burning building.

 • Crushing a baby's head by taking hold of its legs and hitting it against a wall or stove.

  • Planting a child on a stake.

 • Hanging a woman upside down on a tree and mocking her - cutting off her chest and tongue, dissecting her stomach, gouging out her eyes, and cutting off pieces of her body with knives.  

 • Nailing a small child to a door.  

 • Hanging on a tree with feet up and singeing the head from below with the fire of a fire lit under the head.

 • Drowning children and adults in a well and throwing stones at the victim
 
 •  Driving a stake into the stomach.
 
 • Tying a person to a tree and shooting him like a target.

 • Dragging the body along the street with a rope tied around the neck.
 
 • Tying the legs and arms of a woman to two trees, and cutting her stomach from the crotch to the chest.

 • Dragging on the ground mother with three children connected to each other.

 • Pulling together one or more victims with barbed wire, pouring cold water on the victim every few hours in order to come to his senses and feel pain.

 • Burying in the ground alive up to the neck and later cutting off the head with a scythe.

 • Tearing the body in half with the help of horses.

 • Tearing the body in half by tying the victim to two bent trees and then releasing them.

 • Setting fire to a victim doused in kerosene.

 • Laying around the victim with sheaves of straw and setting them on fire (Nero's torch).

 • Putting a baby on a pitchfork and throwing him into a fire.
 
 • Hanging on barbed wire.
 
 • Ripping off the skin from the body and filling the wound with ink or boiling water.
 
 • Nailing hands to the threshold of the dwelling.
 
 This article is 80% not mine.  I read it on the Internet and decided that it was necessary that as many people as possible read it ....

I could not read it to the end the first time ....

It's terrible what is described here ....

This horror there is no forgiveness, no understanding, let alone any justification ....

They say that there is no sin that God would not forgive with sincere repentance, repentance ....

I think that this is true ....

But my opinion is that those who committed these atrocities - they will never repent of their deeds ....

A creature capable of doing this is no longer a person ....

A person will not do this ...

Original text in Russian: https://victor-shyaga.livejournal.com/3364.html
 
***

[Google translation]

Alexander Aynetdinov
Facebook
July 11, 2022

https://www.facebook.com/ajnetdinov

Today is one of the blackest dates in world history.

On July 11, 1943, the "Bloody Sunday" of the Volyn Massacre began.

Ukrainian militants of the OUN-UPA detachments ruthlessly killed tens of thousands of civilians of Galicia: Poles, Russians and Jews.

Nowadays, this tragic event is usually hushed up, but “Country V” [Russia] remembers everything.

 At three o'clock in the morning on "Bloody Sunday" UPA units carried out a coordinated attack on almost 100 Polish settlements in Volhynia.

Not only Poles were killed, but also Russians and Jews.

 How exactly did this happen?  Volyn villages were blocked, after which massacres and destruction began.

Ukrainian militants tried not to waste bullets, because they chopped defenseless people with axes, cut them with knives and beat them with hammers.

After the end of the killings, the villages were burned to the ground.

 It is important to note that Ukrainian Nazism was not only incredibly cruel, but also cowardly.

It was precisely those villages where there were no German garrisons (and indeed armed people in general) that were chosen for the attack.

The scale and senselessness of the Ukrainian atrocities amazed even the Germans.

 The almost uninterrupted massacre of the Poles continued until 16 July.

 In total, in July 1943, more than 500 Polish villages were destroyed, about 20 thousand Poles were killed alone, which was the culmination of ethnic cleansing in Volyn.

 Surprisingly, the Ukrainian atrocity was not declared a genocide and was not even considered a crime during the Nuremberg trials.

After 70 years, Ukrainian Nazism returned.

But now Russia is standing in his way.

 @strana_vvv

***


Volhynia

Volhynia (/voʊˈlɪniə/ voh-LIN-ee-ə; Ukrainian: Волинь, romanized: Volyn'; Belarusian: Валынь, romanized: Vałyń; Polish: Wołyń [ˈvɔwɨɲ, ˈvɔwɨj̃]), is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between south-eastern Poland, south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine.

The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast, in western Ukraine.

Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. For centuries it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

After Russian annexation all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia?wprov=sfla1

***


Volhynia (Wołyń)

 Volhynia (Polish: Wołyń) is a 2016 Polish war drama directed by Wojciech Smarzowski.

The film is set in the 1939–1943 time frame and its central theme is Ukrainian anti-Polish hatred culminating in massacres of Poles in Volhynia.

The screenplay was based on the collection of short stories titled Hate (Polish: Nienawiść) by Stanisław Srokowski.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia_%28film%29?wprov=sfla1

***

The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 

The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (Polish: rzeź wołyńska, lit. 'Volhynian slaughter'; Ukrainian: Волинська трагедія, romanized: Volynska trahediia, lit. 'Volyn tragedy'), were carried out in German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, or the UPA, with the support of parts of the local Ukrainian population against the Polish minority in Volhynia, Eastern Galicia, parts of Polesia and Lublin region from 1943 to 1945.

The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943.

Most of the victims were women and children.

Many of the Polish victims regardless of age or gender were tortured before being killed; some of the methods included rape, dismemberment or immolation, among others.

The UPA's actions resulted in between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths.

According to Timothy Snyder, the ethnic cleansing was a Ukrainian attempt to prevent the post-war Polish state from asserting its sovereignty over Ukrainian-majority areas that had been part of the prewar Polish state.

Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka write that the killings were directly linked to the policies of Stepan Bandera's faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B) and its military arm, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, whose goal as specified at the Second Conference of the OUN-B on 17–23 February 1943 (March 1943 in some sources) was to purge all non-Ukrainians from the future Ukrainian state.

The massacres led to a wider conflict between Polish and Ukrainian forces in the German-occupied territories, with the Polish Home Army in Volhynia responding to the Ukrainian attacks, on a much smaller scale.

In 2008, the massacres which were committed by the Ukrainian nationalists against the Poles in Volhynia and Galicia were described by Poland's Institute of National Remembrance as bearing the distinct characteristics of a genocide, and on 22 July 2016, the Parliament of Poland passed a resolution recognizing the massacres as genocide.

This classification is disputed by Ukraine and some non-Polish historians. According to a 2016 article in Slavic Review, there is a "scholarly consensus that this was a case of ethnic cleansing as opposed to genocide".

Although Polish families, as the most numerous ethnic minority and in some areas majority, where the main target of the killings, victims also included Jews, Russians, Czechs, Georgians, and any Ukrainians who were part of Polish families or opposed the UPA and sabotaged the genocide by hiding Polish escapees.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia?wprov=sfla1
 
***

Friday, July 1, 2016

75th anniversary of the July 1, 1941 Lviv Pogrom of Jews by Ukrainian Nationalists and Nazi collaborators.

Greg Krasovsky: Sadly, today is the 75th anniversary of the July 1, 1941 Lviv Pogrom of Jews by Ukrainian Nationalists and Nazi collaborators.
May the victims rest in peace and may the perpetrators receive their just punishment in the world and the next.

What's sad and scary is that the current Ukrainian government hails Ukrainian Nazi collaborators and war criminals as heroes who were fighting for Ukrainian independence. 
Apparently, this adopts the Nazi slogan of fighting against the Jewish-Bolshevik menace - including by torturing, raping and killing innocent Jewish and Polish women and children.

This is a moral dead end which will do nothing but lead to the moral decay of modern Ukrainian society and especially its youth. 
Germany has learned the right lessons by acknowledging and condemning the genocide and war crimes that the Nazis committed during World War II against the Jews and other nations. 
  
Unfortunately, modern anti-Russian Ukrainian Nationalists have not repented for the sins of their ancestors and believe that Nazi collaboration and related war crimes were justified by their fight against Stalin's Soviet Union. 
FYI, comrade Joseph Stalin was not a Jew or a Russian - he was a Georgian Bolshevik who had graduated from a Jesuit seminary and, being an anti-Semite himself, successfully purged most Soviet Jewish communists (by imprisonment, exile and execution) until his reign ended in 1952. 
As long as Ukrainian Nationalists and Nazi collaborators like Stepan Bandera are touted as heroes and their direct participation in the Holocaust is denied, Ukraine will never become the modern European Democracy that its current political leadership claims to hold as its goal to win popular support.
****

The Lviv pogroms
By Wikipedia
   
Selected Excerpts:
The Lviv pogroms were the consecutive massacres of Jews living in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists from 30 June to 2 July 1941, and from 25 to 29 July 1941, during the Wehrmacht's attack on Soviet-occupied eastern Poland in World War II. 
The German historian Peter Longerich and the Holocaust Encyclopedia estimate that the first pogrom cost at least 4,000 lives.[1] It was followed by the additional 2,500 to 3,000 arrests and executions in subsequent Einsatzgruppe killings,[2] and culminated in the so-called "Petlura Days" massacre of more than 2,000 Jews, all killed in a one-month span.[1][3] 
Prior to the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the ensuing Holocaust in Europe, the city of Lviv had the third-largest Jewish population in Poland during the interwar period, which swelled further to over 200,000 Jews as the refugees fled east from the Nazis.[4]
   
Prior to the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and the ensuing Holocaust in Europe, the city of Lviv had the third-largest Jewish population in Poland during the interwar period, which swelled further to over 200,000 Jews as the refugees fled east from the Nazis.[4]
Holocaust scholar and survivor, Filip Friedman from Lviv, uncovered an official Report of the Reich Security Main Office which documented the massacre as follows: "During the first hours after the departure of the Bolsheviks [i.e. the Soviet Army], the Ukrainian population took praisworthy action against the Jews...


About 7,000 Jews were seized and shot by the [Ukrainian] police in retribution for inhuman acts of cruelty [at Brygidki and the other prisons]..." (dated 16 July 1941).[14]
    
The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd
John-Paul Himka

Selected excerpts:
  
Lviv was a multinational city on the eve of World War II. In 1939 Poles formed a slight majority (157,490 of a total population of 312,231, i.e., just over 50 percent), followed by Jews (99,595 or 32 percent) and Ukrainians (49,747 or 16 percent).2 The national composition of the city changed radically during and as a result of the war: the Jews were murdered, the Poles deported, and numerous Russians immigrated.

Before war broke out, Lviv had been in Poland, but from September 1939 until the end of June 1941 it came under Soviet rule and was joined to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. It changed hands again on 30 June 1941, when the Germans took the city.

Tuesday 1 July witnessed a full-blown pogrom. For this article I am using Raul Hilberg’s straightforward definition: “What are pogroms? They are short, violent outbursts by a community against its Jewish population.”10 On this day the violence took on a more ritualized form: Jews, men and women, were made to clean the streets; 



Jewish women were singled out for humiliation; and Jews were made to perform various rituals that identified them with communism. The Lviv pogrom of 1941 drew precedents from an earlier pogrom in the city perpetrated in November 1918 by Polish soldiers and civilians; it also adopted tropes and rituals from anti-Jewish actions that occurred elsewhere in Nazi-occupied Europe.

Just as in Lviv in 1918, in Vienna in March 1938, and in various localities in Poland in September 1939, in Lviv in 1941 Jews were forced to clean the streets. The point was to make Jews, who were prominent in the free professions and in business, engage in demeaning physical work. As a Jewish survivor remarked: “What a terribly debasing feeling it was when doctors and professors cleaned the streets with shovels in their hands [...].”11 
According to a teenage girl, Germans and Ukrainians made a neighbour get her toothbrush to clean the street. They also made a Jewish man clean horse manure from the street by putting it in his hat.12 Judging by photographs, gentiles in Lviv found the Jewish cleaners amusing (see Figure 1). To some extent, the pogrom was a carnival.

One of the characteristic features of the pogrom was the maltreatment and humiliation of Jewish women. The scenes at Zamarstyniv street were photographed by a German camera crew;13 there is also a film of the abuse.14 There were some precedents for this in pogroms in Nazi-occupied Poland. 



Women were forcibly undressed in Kraków in December 1939,15 and many members of OUN, and particularly those who were to form the backbone of the Bandera movement, were in Kraków at that time, waiting out the Soviet occupation of Western Ukraine; there is no reason to suspect that they took part in these incidents, but they may well have witnessed them. In the Easter season pogrom in Warsaw in 1940 teenagers preyed on women, especially to rob them.16 

A clearer precedent for what happened in Lviv in 1941 is what happened in Lviv in 1918; Joseph Tenenbaum, who was an eyewitness to the 1918 pogrom, wrote: “Women had to disrobe and stand naked to the delight of the crude mob.”17 In Lviv in 1941 women were shoved, kicked, beaten in the face and elsewhere with sticks and tools, pulled by the hair, and tossed from one pogromist to another. 

Many of the women were stripped naked and exposed to the crowd. Some were chased through the street.18 Rose Moskowitz had a school friend who had become an active communist. A gang caught her, cut off her hair, and ran her down the street, naked, screaming. The girl went home and killed herself.19 A Polish rescuer saw “a boy like Hercules” beating a twelve-year old Jewish girl with a chain.20 Not surprisingly, rapes were also reported.

Pregnant women were hit or kicked in the stomach.22 The pogromists stripped a twenty-year-old Jewish woman, lodged a baton in her vagina, and marched her past the post office to the prison action at Lontskoho.23 The women were robbed as well.24 Róża Wagner said she even saw prostitutes with their pimps requisitioning shoes and other items of apparel from the Jewish women.25 The victims were chosen at random, as long as they were Jewish.26



Why did OUN use its militia in Lviv to organize a pogrom and round up Jews for the Germans to kill? Partially, this flowed from the anti-Semitism of the Ukrainian nationalist movement and its leaders. Yet, anti-Semitism does not necessarily translate directly into such violence. 

In fact, OUN seemed to perceive the Poles as much more important enemies than the Jews. In September 1939, when OUN acted openly and took advantage of the civil war conditions created by the Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland/Western Ukraine, OUN units killed thousands of Poles.  In summer 1941, as the Germans invaded, OUN militias and related organizations were involved in the murder of tens of thousands of Jews, but of relatively few Poles.128 

When the OUN-led Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) definitively broke with the Germans in the late winter/early fall of 1943, it focused its attention on Poles, killing tens of thousands of them. In its official pronouncements, OUN always put Russians at the top of its enemy list. 

Hence the focus on violence against Jews in the first days of the German occupation seems to be somewhat anomalous. The anomaly is most plausibly explained as an attempt by OUN to demonstrate to the Germans that it shared their anti-Jewish perspectives and that it was worthy to be entrusted with the formation of a Ukrainian state.

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists under the leadership of Stepan Bandera provided the engine of the pogrom. It set up a short-lived government in Lviv on 30 June 1941 headed by a vehement anti-Semite. It simultaneously plastered the city with leaflets that encouraged ethnic cleansing. It also formed a militia that assumed a leadership role in the pogrom. 

Militiamen went from apartment to apartment in Jewish neighbourhoods to arrest Jewish men and women for pogrom activities at two of the prisons; they arrested Jews on the street for a third prison that was more distant from where the Jewish population was concentrated. They conveyed the Jews to the prisons and were also present there at the maltreatment and execution of Jews.

The day after the pogrom they began to work directly for the Einsatzgruppen, again arresting Jews for execution by the Germans. OUN co-operated with the Germans in these anti-Jewish actions primarily because it hoped such collaboration would facilitate German recognition of its state. OUN’s anti-Semitism made assistance in anti-Jewish violence palatable, but it is unlikely that it was an independent factor in the decision to stage a pogrom.



As to the crowd, which is what made the pogrom a pogrom, its interest was in carnival. It relished role reversal, upturning the social hierarchy—Jewish professionals on their hands and knees cleaning streets. Those who were perceived as having been in charge during the Soviet occupation were now humiliated and forced to admit their guilt in ritualistic spectacles. 

The stinking corpses of murdered political prisoners seemed to justify an apocalyptical revenge against the perceived perpetrators, namely the Jewish population. A particular conjuncture of high politics allowed the urban crowd to act out an uninhibited script of robbery, sexual assault, beating, and murder, demanding these actions and delighting in them.